How we judge freshness
Each spice gets its own window, taken from how long it keeps its aroma: whole seeds such as cumin and coriander stay good for about a year, while ground cumin or coriander fades in three or four months, ground cardamom in weeks, and homemade or shop blends like garam masala in two to three months. Whole peppercorns and nutmeg last for years.
- Fresh: still inside its window.
- Smell test: past its window but not by much. Rub a pinch between your fingers; if the smell is strong, keep using it, maybe a little more generously.
- Replace: well past its window. It is very unlikely to be unsafe if it stayed dry, but it will add little flavour.
Spices that stay dry do not go off in a dangerous way. Throw out anything damp, clumped with mould, or with insects. To make them last, read how to store spices, and buy whole where you can and grind small amounts. Then see what you can cook with what is on your shelf.